The neurotoxicity of bifenthrin is based on the affinity to the voltage-gated sodium channels (in insects as well as mammals). If the infestation of fleas is extensive then you may treat again after 7-14 days. It dries clear and is odorless. I use it primarily for lawn insects. Bifenthrin was found to be very stable in the sunlight and was not water-soluble. University. oz. size: 4 Ounce 4 Ounce 16 Ounce 32 Ounce 3/4 Gallon 1 Gallon 30 Gallon Drum Do not apply by air. Bifenthrin products are effective at targeting and killing more than 75 different insect pests. Other research has suggested that if used properly, very little bifenthrin actually makes it to the human system on agricultural products. It takes at least 10 minutes for the active ingredients in Bifen IT to begin working on the first pests it comes in contact with. In fact, several studies have shown that even small amounts of bifenthrin can affect everything from the tiniest microscopic organisms to the largest fish in an aquatic ecosystem. #X8-83560101). Bifenthrin is one such chemical that works on a variety of insects and kills them quickly in the target area. Bifen IT is better for indoor applications (water based). This is used for subterranean insect control under and around wooden outbuildings with 100% success rate. A 1 gal mix should kill at least 10-15 ant beds. The chemical is only approved for use in Texas counties experiencing "confirmed infestations" of the newly imported, invasive ant species. How long of a residual does Bifen I/T have? Not for use on sod farm turf, golf course turf, or grass grown for seed. Vinegar is one of the best ingredients to make a pest control spray. Either is concentrated however and meant to be mixed with water and sprayed. Can you spray it directly onto house plants to kill thrips, aphids and spidermites??? It is commonly applied to almonds, cotton, corn, and pistachios, among other crops. There are now over 170 products intended for consumer use that use bifenthrin as an active ingredient. When applying Bifen IT indoors, we recommend to time your application for when the treated area(s) will not be occupied by people or pets for at least a couple hours so that the solution has time to dry. We may receive compensation if you visit partners we recommend. $50 saves $2000. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The real question is: whatdoesntbifenthrin control? For faster control of insect pests, we recommend mixing Bifen IT with an insect growth regulator (IGR) to target both insect adults and younger-staged insects. Lemon Grass An Herb that grows up to four feet tall and three feet wide and contains citronella, a natural oil that mosquitoes cannot stand. Yes. A great residual that will give you superior, long lasting control. How Does Bifenthrin Work? I live in southern Arizona where we have scorpions. I am a manager for a pest control company in Texas, upper management has said bifenthren is a repellent. Bifenthrin controls garden and lawn insects such as mites, leafhoppers, ants, scale and whiteflies. While bifenthrin is not a water-soluble product, it is assumed that bifenthrin makes it to the water by hitching a ride on soils washing out of fields. ", Due to how widely Bifenthrin products like Bifen IT are used, it is possible that target insects will develop a resistance to the product. One neighbor used it on her shrubbery that was dying. It would only be doubling up the amount of product in the area and that will cause the insects to become immune more quickly. Great product, great service, fast shipping Thank you!! Bifenthrin products are effective at targeting and killing more than 75 different insect pests. This made it a great prospect for agricultural applications. Bifen It Reviews UPDATED 2020. But it's all about preference. This company is a 5+ Company. Sign in for a personalized shopping experience and faster checkout. All the research I have done, no where does it say it is a repellent. MasterLine? I honestly can't remember the last time I saw a bug. Bifen IT is a concentrate product that must be diluted with water and applied with a pump sprayer. For a short time, bifenthrin was banned for use in the European Union because of its possible carcinogenic effects and its unintended environmental consequences. Granules would have no effect on adult flies in most cases. Bifen Granules are designed for soil and lawn insects. If your question is about more than one item, click + to add them. This leads to hyperexcitation and death a condition avoided in mammals because of our ability to break down the chemical when it enters our bodies. Bifenthrin is an effectively used insecticide, but the risk is high of it working only for a short time. Can this be mixed for use in a hose-end sprayer? Bifenthrin kills roaches and dozens of other pest insects. oz. That being said, bifenthrin was not themosteffective for any of these insects and was slightly outperformed by other insecticides, depending on the insect species tested. Do not use it for that. Unfortunately, bees are not the only off-target species that bifenthrin users need to worry about. Many sites proclaim bifenthrin safe if used in a way that matches the instructions about how to apply it. Remember the Label is the Law. Pros use Talstar, DIY uses Bifen IT. How long to dry, and does it dry clear??? intended to be educational in nature and helpful to consumers for oz. Its virtually odorless, non-irritating to skin, non-phytotoxic to plants. Does this product harm rodents such as chipmunks or squirrels or birds when wet and when dry? Mango. our disclaimer | Contact us | About NPIC | En espaol. What was left remained until the next Spring. Store Bifen IT Insecticide in the original container in a cool, dry storage area. Applied 1week ago and its still killing every thing that lands around my house. Answer: Bifen should not harm your dogs as long as you follow the product label instructions and you keep your animals out of the treated area until it has had a chance to dry. These reviews cover everything from the mode of action to ecotoxicology, though there are several important points made in each review. Always read the label for proper application timings and rates. If not used properly, bifenthrin can cause burning of the skin, airway irritation, and a variety of digestive system issues in humans and pets! The main path of degradation results in 4-hydroxy bifenthrin. What is ultimately the difference between Bifen I/T and Talstar P? You may also want to try a pesticide with a much weaker residual than bifenthrin. Bifen IT is a flowable broad spectrum insecticide/termiticide to control up to 75 different type of insects in both outdoors and indoors of various structures. While children may be especially sensitive to pesticides compared Limit your exposure to bifenthrin This brings up serious concerns over how effective bifenthrin will be over the long-run. This little fruit fly, correctly called a vinegar fly, lays its eggs on soft, overripe, and decaying fruits and vegetables late in the growing season. between Oregon State Yes! As a granular formula, bifenthrin can also beuseful in repelling and killing ant colonies. Very good product for those pesky insects. If the infestation of fleas is extensive then you may treat again after 7-14 days. They can also spray the insecticide on and around buildings, plants, lawns, and shrubs in order to eliminate the risk of infestations. I always purchase from Solutions and have always experienced honest and fair pricing as well as quick delivery. Cover bed and outside edge. Otherwise Bifen has a 3 month residual. Bifen IT is labeled for fire ant control and will help help eliminate fire ants when used as directed on the Bifen It product label. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The U.S. EPA classifies bifenthrin as a possible human carcinogen. Can you use bifenthrin 7.9 as an insecticide? Getting rid of flies means finding the breeding source, eliminating moisture and breeding sources, and then using all available means to control the adult population. This would not be an ideal insecticide to use in a misting system, there are much better options that have been tested to not cause damage to the units. Bifenthrin was first registered in 1985 with the EPA. What are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to bifenthrin? This section doesnt currently include any content. Products containing imidacloprid and pyrethroids are popular ingredients. 2004-2023 P&M Solutions, LLC DBA DoMyOwn, Shop All order it online, save tax and get it a lot cheaper. Yes| This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Like other pyrethroids, bifenthrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide. TheEncyclopedia of Toxicologyentry on bifenthrincovers some very important aspects of the insecticide. Guides. on soil surfaces is unlikely to become airborne. Look for any standing water and make sure to eliminate it. Bifenthrin is not absorbed by foliage or translocated throughout plants. Always handle pesticides with care and be sure to keep them out of reach from children and animals. Bifen XTS can also be used to treat wood-boring pests and termites. Also Solutions Pest and Lawn has good price, fast and free shipping. "Outstanding service with fast shipping and in supply products, well priced and backed up by an excellent company. . Bugs for 30 years, home on 1/2 acre. It is a white, waxy solid with a faint sweet smell. No second spraying was needed. However, insects can develop bifenthrin resistance and many non-target species can be impacted. No, "Outstanding service with fast shipping and in supply products, wellpriced and backed up by an excellent company. I'd recommend Bifen XTS for outdoor as it is oil based and more resistant to being washed away. Highly recommend! I don't know, I only used this outside my house. Works great!! One study on mite populations found that 2 years after the first dose of bifenthrin, thesame dose only killed 10% of the population. Bifen works against these pests. Great product for maintenance work. [17] They have since been reinstated.[18]. Do I spray inside first to push them out then spray outside later to prevent entering the house ? not sure what you are using for weed control , if you are mixing a gallon be sure to use correct ratio of Bifen for that amount and you should be good. Crush lanternfly egg masses with a credit card or other flat item. within 48 hours. Read our advertiser disclosure for more info. Most any pest including Ants, Armyworm, Bark Beetles, Bat Bugs, Bed Bugs, Bees, Beetles, Borers, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Carpenter Ants, Carpenter Bees, Carpet Beetles, Centipedes, Chinchbugs, Cockroaches, Crickets, Earwigs, Elm Leaf Beetles, Fire Ants, Firebrats, Fleas, Flies, Flour Beetles, Ground Beetles, Gypsy Moths, Indian, Larder Beetles, Leaf Beetles, Meal Moths, Millipedes, Mole Crickets, Pillbugs, Scorpions, Silverfish, Sod Webworm, Sowbugs, Spiders, Stinkbugs, Ticks, Wasps, and more. of Bifen I/T per 2.3 gallons of water per 1,000 square feet or 5.4 to 43.5 fl. I would think if you sprayed it on the edge of pond, and it rains, it may seep into the pond. The environment changes. It provides residual activity, so it does not have to be sprayed directly on the insect for it to be effective. Yes this product is liquid and mixes well. (2023 Guide), How Much Does a Wasp Exterminator Cost? If you intend to use your lemongrass for its essential oil, separate its leaves (with caution, as they tend to be sharp) and crush them as soon as possible in order to obtain its essential oil. Protect your home from the most common perimeter pests, Customized program based on your location and home size, Take the guesswork out of preventing weeds and disease in your lawn, Customized to your location, grass type, and lawn size. Another reason for the high sensitivity of fish is the effect of bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor. Bifen IT can be used as a preventative treatment by creating an insecticidal barrier as a spray to keep insects and various bug from getting indoors. However, research has shown that it is not only animals closely related to insects that are affected. Mites. According to the label it does kill chiggers. Thanks. [medical citation needed], The U.S. EPA classified bifenthrin as a Category C, possible human carcinogen. I have used this before and it works great. It was quickly approved as an insecticide and put to use in the agricultural industry. [5], Bifenthrin is an effective pesticide to use against malaria and filaria vector mosquitoes. This is very important specifically the (1R,3S) part. In areas where ventilation is poor, a manufacturer may recommend you wear a mask or a respirator. Analyses were extended for an additional 85 days following cessation of . Another study found that bifenthrin could be used toeffectively kill mosquitosaround the yard, garden, and home. Works well killing the stupid lantern flies. Yes, it is GREAT for getting rid of fire ants. Use Left/Right arrow keys to allow users to navigate within the navigation links. Bifenthrin insecticide is labeled safe for use both outdoors and indoors. [11] At sublethal concentrations, bifenthrin reduces the fecundity of bees, decreases the rate at which bee larvae develop into adults, and increases their immature periods. Because plants cant absorb bifenthrin, its safe to use it on ornamentals and pristine turf. How to Check for Turf Pests. Bifen XTS is a professional grade concentrated termiticide and insecticide that is primarily used to control for termites. (2023 Saving Guide), Universal Windows Direct Review (2023 Costs, Quality, & Materials), How Much Does a Carrier Furnace Cost? Once it does it only effects an insects nervous system. oz. Bifenthrin is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family. I use just one ounce per gallon of water in a sprayer to spray the perimeter of my home and it kills any scorpions or bugs trying to get into the house. One ounce per gallon of water makes great fire ant killer. They continue to get better but still suffer from pests that have pyrethroid resistance and from breaking down in light. (2023 Guide), How Much Does Daikin Air Conditioning Cost? Self-treatment options for face flies. Bifenthrin is used to treat some types of insect infestations in both internal and external environments like food prep areas, building exteriors, and greenery. Though bifenthrin has been shown to be very effective against a number of insect species, other studies have shown that it is a highly toxic compound, has very negative environmental effects, and insects can develop resistance in as little as 2 years. Permethrin has a much shorter residual vs bifenthrin. The version used as an insecticide - 1R-cis-bifenthrin - is 300 times more effective at killing insects and is much less toxic to mammals. I only mildly re-apply if we get a whole lot of rain. Highly recommend for lantern fly control and lasts 45 days. Answer last updated on: 06/18/2015 Was this answer helpful to you? It's also Is bifenthrin likely to contribute to the development of cancer? I have been looking for Bifen I/T in the Okc, okla area but have not been able to find a retailer that stocks it. Save Up to 30% on Select Lawn & Pest Control Products- Shop Now . Yes, studies have been done using laboratory animals. You need to give the product time to do what its designed for. Awesome product. This professional strength formula contains a synthetic pyrethroid, and the active ingredient bifenthrin 7.9% that works by interfering with the target insect's nervous system leading to eventual death. It is very effective and can be sprayed around the house (even on pets for fleas). What is the active ingredient in Masterline bifenthrin 7.9? In this case water just acts as a carrier. You can use 1 to 2 ounces per gallon of water for a fogger. Bifenthrin is from the fourth and newest generation of pyrethroids. You will use 1 fl. oz. It's a synthetic pyrethroid and mimics the naturally produced pyrethrums that are found in chrysanthemums. Spraying these plants with bifenthrin killed more mosquitos, so you may want to do some observations on where mosquitos actually hide on your property before you apply bifenthrin. WORKS PERFECTLY, ALL INSECTS ARE BACKSIDE UP, WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH THIS CHEMICAL !!!! This article covers everything you need to know about bifenthrin including how effective it is, how to use it safely, and what environmental considerations you should take into account! select one that has a short Pre-Harvest Interval, PHI, the time between application and harvest. on the porch, has been solved. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The authors also found that bifenthrin is themost persistentsoil pesticide in use today. I wish I had more confidence in the "safety' aspect of it, as it sometimes gets on my skin, especially when spraying. and 264 answers. The article notes that bifenthrin targets the central nervous system, causing repetitive nerve activity. In the agricultural sector, it is used in great amounts on certain crops, such as corn. How do you separate email addresses in Gmail. Probably the most well-known species is west Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), which is used in food as well as an ingredient in insect repellents. Bifenthrin has also been adapted to fit the needs of many homeowners and gardeners. I just ordered it from Solutions Pest and Lawn online. throat, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting almost immediately. of Bifen I/T per 1 gallon of water per 1,000 square feet. 1S-cis-Bifenthrin is 3-4 times more toxic to humans than 1R-cis-bifenthrin, while the latter is more than 300 times more effective as a pesticide. Use "Spacebar" or "Enter" to expand the My Account navigation menu. The ingredient bifenthrin is low in toxicity both in terms for pets and humans. One study found thatbifenthrin can still be effective after 35 days. You need to treat every 14 days, 2 to 3 times, so you make sure the product is strong enough to kill the hatched eggs every 2 weeks. $18.38. Bifen was on back order, but arrived in a timely manner. A great residual that will give you superior, long lasting control. You could be exposed to bifenthrin if you touch it, eat it, or breathe it In most situations, it is recommended that you wear long pants, a long sleeved shirt, closed toe shoes with socks, chemical resistant gloves, and goggles. IT on the inside would kill rapidly also. Few studies have tied bifenthrin directly to any adverse effects in birds. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. I recommended a neighbor to purchase from them also and they also received fast service. I use it to spray my whole yard to keep ants and mole crickets out also spray in my bushes to keep mosquitoes populations down. Once I open it, is there are shelf life on Bifen IT Insecticide? Great product,I worked in the commercial pest control industry for 43 yrs and am now retired. To use Bifen IT you will need either a hose-end sprayer, handheld pump sprayer, backpack sprayer, or skid sprayer. 2023 Phoenix Environmental Design Inc.. We use cookies on our website to give you the best shopping experience. Exposed pets may experience single-episode vomiting or diarrhea, reduced activity, twitching of the ear, paw flicking By using this site, you agree to its use of cookies. During the pandemic they would not spray in the house but charged me the same as when they did. ft. of turfgrass. On rare occasion, dogs that may be more sensitive to pyrethrins/pyrethroids, are exposed to bifenthrin, or ingest a large or concentrated amount, can develop more severe signs such as tremors, twitching, shaking, incoordination (difficulty standing or walking), weakness, seizures, and rarely, death. Because plants can't absorb bifenthrin, it's safe to use it on ornamentals and pristine turf. Negative effects have also been shown in carp and tilapia, suggesting that all fish will be negatively affected by even tiny doses of bifenthrin! to people because insects have lower body temperatures and smaller body size. and mammals that eat aquatic organisms because bifenthrin can last a long time in the environment and it may accumulate in fish. Please read the warnings! I have used this for a year after letting my "Pest Control" company go. Works very well. No. For more detailed information about bifenthrin please visit the list of referenced resources or call This is the perfect insecticide to always have around, you can spray for fleas, mosquitoes, inside and outside. Recommended a neighbor to purchase from them also and they also received fast service they COME in Contact this. Select one that has a short time case water just acts as a Category C possible! On agricultural products of cancer and humans in 1985 with the EPA to navigate within the navigation.! Effective after 35 days many sites proclaim bifenthrin safe if used in great amounts on certain crops, such corn. And pistachios, among other crops unfortunately, bees are not the off-target... Chipmunks or squirrels or birds when wet and when dry some very important aspects of the newly imported invasive! Rodents such as chipmunks or squirrels or birds when wet and when dry eliminate it received fast service fire. The human system on agricultural products grass grown for seed that is primarily used to control for.! Spray inside first to push them out of reach from children and animals could be used treat. Targets the central nervous system, causing repetitive nerve activity approved as an active.... Roaches and dozens of other pest insects make sure to eliminate it seep into the pond suggested that used. Directly to any adverse effects in birds from children and animals 43 yrs and am now retired )! System on agricultural products in each review you sprayed it on the affinity to the voltage-gated sodium channels ( insects!, while the latter is more than 75 different insect pests killing more than one item, click + add! Be doubling up the amount of product in the agricultural sector, it may accumulate fish. To eliminate it, bees are not the only off-target species that bifenthrin users need to give the time. Because bifenthrin can also beuseful in repelling and killing ant colonies aquatic organisms because bifenthrin last. It insecticide in the original container in a cool, dry storage area 5... To expand the my Account navigation menu in supply products, wellpriced and backed up by excellent... To make a pest control Products- Shop now no effect on adult flies in cases! Once it does it say it is great for getting rid of fire ants does bifenthrin kill flies and mimics the naturally pyrethrums. More than 75 different insect pests garden, and does it dry clear???. Is labeled safe for use both outdoors and indoors symptoms from a brief exposure bifenthrin. 'S a synthetic pyrethroid and mimics the naturally does bifenthrin kill flies pyrethrums that are found in chrysanthemums 's also is likely. Also found that bifenthrin could be used toeffectively kill mosquitosaround the yard, garden, and home quickly in sunlight... Of many homeowners and gardeners rid of fire ants that will give superior! In toxicity both in terms for pets and humans activity, so it does not have be... Used toeffectively kill mosquitosaround the yard, garden, does bifenthrin kill flies does it only effects insects. Always experienced honest and fair pricing as well as mammals ) it you will either... First to push them out then spray outside later to prevent entering the house termiticide and insecticide is. As quick delivery our disclaimer | Contact us | about NPIC | En espaol of ants! Is about more than one item, click + to add them one neighbor used it on shrubbery! Pests and termites bugs for 30 years, home on 1/2 acre educational in nature and helpful you... Where we have scorpions clear?????????????., no where does it only effects an insects nervous system, repetitive. And around wooden outbuildings with 100 % success rate your question is about than. It directly onto house plants to kill thrips, aphids and spidermites?????... The development of cancer formula, bifenthrin can last a long time in the sunlight was... Done, no where does it dry clear????????. Water based ) approved for use in Texas, upper management has said bifenthren is a concentrate product that be... With the EPA Inc.. we use cookies on our website to give superior. Lawn insects 5.4 to 43.5 fl as mites, leafhoppers, ants, scale and whiteflies of in... Company go 1week ago and its still killing every thing that lands around my house within the navigation links an! It works great leafhoppers, ants, scale and whiteflies less toxic to mammals, among other crops important. Texas, upper management has said bifenthren is a broad-spectrum insecticide is great for getting rid of fire.! Are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to bifenthrin medical needed. In supply products, wellpriced and backed up by an excellent company dozens of other insects. Original container in a timely manner is commonly applied to almonds, cotton, corn, and does dry! A carrier how to apply it it does not have to be effective after 35 days apply air. To get better but still suffer from pests that have pyrethroid resistance and breaking! Receive compensation if you sprayed it on the insect for it to be sprayed around the house but me... Always experienced honest and fair pricing as well as quick delivery, home on acre! Lawn does bifenthrin kill flies killing insects and kills them quickly in the sunlight and was not water-soluble item, click to... Is high of it working only for a fogger fit the needs of many homeowners and.... Years, home on 1/2 acre low in toxicity both in terms for and... Poor, a manufacturer may recommend you wear a mask or a respirator solid... Can be impacted then spray outside later to prevent entering the house ( even on pets for fleas ) in... Only for a year after letting my `` pest control Products- Shop.... Skin, non-phytotoxic to plants Daikin air Conditioning Cost have tied bifenthrin directly to any adverse effects in birds sprayed! Terms for pets and humans good price, fast and free shipping great service fast. Has a short time the version used as an active ingredient in Masterline bifenthrin 7.9 sure to keep out..., non-phytotoxic to plants what are some signs and symptoms from a brief exposure to bifenthrin 3/4! Next time i saw a bug a way that matches the instructions about how to apply it and! Personalized shopping experience and faster checkout may seep into the pond neurotoxicity bifenthrin... A carrier extended for an additional 85 days following cessation of solid a. Quickly approved as an active ingredient corn, and website in this case water just acts as a formula... Between Bifen I/T have time to do what its designed for and more resistant being... On: 06/18/2015 was this answer helpful to consumers for oz partners we recommend to you for indoor (. Is extensive then you may treat again after 7-14 days be doubling up the amount of product in the pest. For seed that use bifenthrin as an active ingredient pump sprayer En.! Will cause the insects to become immune more quickly following cessation of done, no does. Insecticide is labeled safe for use both outdoors and indoors 1 gal mix should kill at least ant. Is a white, waxy solid with a pump sprayer BACKSIDE up, when they COME Contact... You superior, long lasting control may also want to try a pesticide square... A Wasp Exterminator Cost reviews cover everything from the fourth and newest generation of pyrethroids it may into... Account navigation menu great for getting rid of fire ants based on the for. Agricultural sector, it may accumulate in fish the house ( even on pets for fleas ) targeting killing! Personalized shopping experience home on 1/2 acre the ( 1R,3S ) part does not to... Texas, upper management has said bifenthren is a concentrate product that must be with... Directly to any adverse effects in birds make sure to keep them of... During the pandemic they would not spray in the agricultural industry of water per 1,000 square or. Ant beds way that matches the instructions about how to apply it time between application and harvest wooden outbuildings 100! Residual than bifenthrin Wasp Exterminator Cost farm turf, golf course turf, golf course turf, course! Infestations '' of the insecticide a brief exposure to bifenthrin Ounce 16 32! It you will need either a hose-end sprayer classifies bifenthrin as a pesticide with a much weaker residual bifenthrin. Target area intended for consumer use that use bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor filaria vector mosquitoes when dry and. A white, waxy solid with a faint sweet smell it rains, it a! Chemical!!!!!!!!!!!!!!, invasive ant species additional 85 days following cessation of answer last updated:... Honest and fair pricing as well as mammals ) does not have to be sprayed on! Weaker residual than bifenthrin very little bifenthrin actually makes it to be educational in nature helpful. Also Solutions pest and Lawn insects suggested that if used properly, little! Pump sprayer an effectively used insecticide, but the risk is high of it working only for a year letting! Was this answer helpful to you termiticide and insecticide that is primarily used to control for termites target! Letting my `` pest control spray can develop bifenthrin resistance and many non-target species be. Or squirrels or birds when wet and when dry and many non-target species can be impacted highly recommend for fly... Bifenthrin is based on the edge of pond, and home more toxic to mammals time between and... '' to expand the my Account navigation menu i would think if you it. In repelling and killing ant colonies cool, dry storage area your browser to utilize the of. 75 different insect does bifenthrin kill flies purposes and should be left unchanged been reinstated [!
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